Anita Arcqyletta: 2011

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of The Study

Human beings are social creatures at once individual, man constantly in touch with other human beings, want to know the surroundings, even want to know what's going on inside him, because everyone who lives in the community since he wakes up until he slept again, by nature always involved in communication, the communication is as a consequence of social relations people, at least two people relate to each other that give rise to a social interaction, the occurrence of social interaction caused inter-process communication[1].

Communication is very important role for social life, culture, politics and education, because communication is a transactional dynamic processes that influence behavior, which is intentionally encode the source and its acceptance (to code) their behavior to produce a message that they are distributed through a channel to stimulate or acquiring certain attitudes or behaviors as a consequence of social relationships[2].

It seems inevitable that this communication process is vital and essential for social communication, said to be vital because every individual has the ability to communicate with other individuals, thus establish its credibility as a member of the community and say basic because man whether primitive or modern desire to maintain an agreement on various matters of social rules of communication.

Therefore it should be emphasized is how communication can run effectively and efficiently so that the message is received, interpreted as between communicator and communicant. This means that effective communication occurs not just when someone has a particular significance attaches to the behavior of others but also the perception that in accordance with its message or information.

One way to ensure this is to avoid messages that are unclear or not specific as well as by increasing the frequency of feedback (feed back) to reduce the level of uncertainty and question marks, by understanding how the culture of communication from the other person we would be, so that one interpretation of the delivery of messages can be avoided despite the background of life have nearly the same with us.

Many years ago Raymond Williams (1962) is succinctly and expressly defines culture as "a certain way of life" formed by the values, traditions, beliefs, material objects and territories (territory)[3], Culture is a complex and dynamic ecological of people, objects, views about the world, activities and background (setting) which fundamentally changed last a long time but also in communication and social interaction routines, culture is the context.

Culture is the way we talk and dress, the food we eat and the way we prepare and consume them, the gods that we create and the way we worship, how we share time and space, the way we dance, the values that we are socialized to children our children and all other details that make up daily life.

An anthropologists believe that the citizens of a society that is being studied have common personality traits that is what is known in cultural anthropology as a kind of basic personality, basic personality structure, or a personality on average, capital personality[4].

Perspectives on culture implies that no culture is inherently superior to other cultures and that cultural richness absolutely nothing to do with economic status, culture as everyday life is an idea that remains democratic[5].

This has motivated researchers to examine how to or practice of communication in society, especially in Rejang community in "Talang Ulu" village in terms of language, both verbal and nonverbal language, familiarity, frozen, formal and non formal education which is usually performed between the communicator and the communicant with background same culture, but unlike Rejang society in general, the sound harsh and pitched sloppy, Rejang community in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district seem polite, friendly, gentle and even most of them were able to mingle well with the tribal immigrants, it is this which attracted the attention of researchers to examine this.

B. Research Questions

Based on the background which has been described above, the question is formulated as the following :

1. How the culture of public communication, especially in Rejang community in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district in terms of language use?

2. What communication symbols that are used particularly in the Rejang community in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district in the communication process?

C. Research Objectives

Based on the formulation of the problem above, then the intent and purpose of this study are as follows:

1. To find out Culture Communication Rejang especially in Rejang Community in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district in terms of language use.

2. To understand the symbols of communication used Rejang especially in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district in the process of communication that they use everyday.

D. Limitation of the Research

The writer limits the study as the follow :

1. The topic is limited to the Culture Communication Rejang especially in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district.

2. The study is a n etnografi research

E. Operational Definition

The concept is an essential element rather than research[6]. If the problem and its theoretical framework is clear, it is usually already well known facts about symptoms - symptoms that the subject of study and a concept is actually a brief definition of a group of facts or phenomena.

In connection with the above, then the discussion of research it is necessary to limit the number of concepts proposed in this thesis research in the title of Cultural Communication Rejang society (Study on Rejang community in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district) is having a concept - the concept of other:

1.) Cultural Communication

Culture and communication are two concepts that can not be separated. Cultural and communication center of attention lies in the variety of steps and the way people communicate across the human community or social group. Crossing this communication using code - code messages, both verbal and nonverbal, that naturally is always used in the context of interaction. In this case also covers how to explore the meaning, patterns of action and how the meaning and pattern - the pattern in the articulation of a social group, cultural groups, political groups, the education process even technological environment that involves interaction between people.

2.) Community Rejang

In this study Rejang society is a society that lived and live in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district, where in everyday life Rejang use language to communicate and have descendants of the original Rejang originating from various regions in Rejang Lebong although they were not born in the village of Talang Ulu.

In this case the Rejang in communication greatly influenced by their traditions are very distinctive, ranging from language accent, the way they are spoken words, convey the message that exist in their minds to the disclosure or the expression of their feelings. In general, people Rejang in the disclosure of feelings and thought patterns they would tend not to wear something strings attached, directly on the main talks, this is because people appreciate Rejang more time than packaging the message to be delivered. But unlike Rejang community in the village of Talang Ulu. Who values the other person so they try everything to refine their message package so as not to offend his interlocutor. Although they do not need stringing words are beautiful, but delicious in the hearing, they prefer the core message, that message can be easily understood by his interlocutor. Sometimes Rejang community looks very emotional with a rather loud tone, even though the message has meaning or significance of an ordinary (not angry), and it is a habit Rejang society at large, but not with the Rejang community in the Talang Ulu village. In interacting with each other and with people outside their community of Rejang receipts remain smooth despite the language habits of speaking with a high tone was still attached that has become characteristic of the Rejang so that people who talk must understand the meaning of the message in order to avoid misunderstandings.

F. Significance of the research

The usefulness of this research is expected usefulness as follows:

a. Theoretically

1. The results of this study is expected to contribute to the development of linguistics, in particular cultural communication (language research).

2. Expected to enrich the cultural studies, especially in the field of communications in the Community Rejang.

b. In Practical

1. The results of this study is expected to be made in one of the information in developing a culture of science communication, especially in relation to the English Education Study Program.

2. To assist the public in order to avoid misunderstandings perception of a message delivered communicant of different cultures or even the same with us.

3. To meet the requirements obtained his degree (S1) at the faculty of Tarbiyah STAIN Curup.

G. The Organization of the Research

In discusses a systematic study is needed discussion that aims to facilitate research, step - step discussion as follows:

CHAPTER I: That the introduction, this chapter consists of six sub-chapters among other background issues, formulation of the problem, purpose and objectives of the study, the benefits of research, definition of the concept, and the systematic discussion.

CHAPTER II: It is the study of the discussion, in this chapter consists of two sub-chapters, the first section of the discussion of the theory and the second section the results of relevant research.

SECTION III: That is the method of research in this chapter consists of six sub-chapters of the approach and the type of research, types and sources of data, the stage - the stage of research, data collection techniques, data analysis techniques and techniques of data validity.

SECTION IV: That the presentation of data, which consists of two sub-chapters the first general description of the research object and the second sub-chapter description of the research results.

CHAPTER V: It is the analysis of data from two sub-chapters, the first sub-chapter dealing with the findings and the second section contains the findings confirm the theory.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED Literature

A. Review of the Related Theories

In this study uses the theoretical framework Herbert Blumer's Symbolic Interaction, this framework has an enormous influence in this study, because it has the tendencies of thought a solid foundation for this study to analyze the details, we discuss the framework are, as follows:

1.) Symbolic Interaction Theory

Symbolic interaction term coined by Herbert Blumer in 1937 and popularized by Blumer also[7], despite the fact that Mead had been the most popular as the foundation stone of the theory.

The essence of the theory of symbolic interaction is an activity that is characteristic of humans, namely communication or exchange of symbols given meaning Blumer conceptualizing man as the creator or re-forming environment, as the designer of the world object in a stream of actions, rather than simply responding to expectations of the group.

Perspective of symbolic interactions attempts to understand human behavior from the viewpoint of the subject, this perspective suggests that human behavior should be seen as a process that allows humans to form and regulate their behavior by considering the presence of others who become their interaction partners.

The definition they give to other people, situations, objects and even to themselves that determines their behavior. Their behavior can not be classed as a necessity, a boost impulse, claims or demands of the role of culture, human beings act only based on their interpretation of the definition or the objects around them.

In view of symbolic interaction, as confirmed Blumer social processes in the life in groups that create and uphold group life, in this context, the meanings constructed in the process of interaction and the process is not a neutral medium that allows the social forces play a role, but rather a substance fact of social organization and social forces..

For adherents of symbolic interaction allows them to avoid the problems of idealism and driving structuralisms and middle of the problem.

According to the theory of symbolic interaction, social life is essentially a human interaction that uses symbols, they are interested in how humans use symbols that represent what they mean to communicate with each other. And also the effects of the interpretation of these symbols on the behavior of the parties that appear in social interaction[8].

Adherents of symbolic interaction view, human behavior is essentially the product of their interpretation of the world around them so it does not recognize that behavior is learned or specified as espoused theory or the theory of structural Behaviorist.

In summary theory of symbolic interactions is based on the following premises[9], The first individual to respond to a situation symbolic, they respond to the environment, including physical objects (objects) and Object of social (human behavior) based on the media which contained the components of that environment for them.

Second, the meaning is the product of social interaction, because it means not looking at the object, but negotiated through the use of language, negotiation was possible because humans are capable of coloring everything is not just physical objects, actions or events (even without the presence of physical objects, actions or events ) but also an abstract notion.

Third, individuals interpret the meaning of which may change from time to time, in line with changes to the situation found in social interaction, change of interpretation is possible because individuals can perform mental processes, which communicate with itself.

B. Review of the Research Findings

The researcher will describe some works which are relevant to this thesis to make the thesis arrangement easier :

1. The thesis entitled “Kalosara Sebagai Representasi Pedoman Hidup Masyarakat Suku Tolaki Di Sulawesi Tenggara (Studi Komunikasi Nonverbal)” by Arsanti Hamidra H.P. E 311 06 088. From Social Sciences and Political Science Faculty of Hasanuddin University in the academic year of 2011[10]. Based on the research, she had been found that Kalosara Representation Guidelines For Life Community Interest Tolaki In Southeast Sulawesi appear in different sides of their social life. As in the order of courtesy to fellow humans, each other mutual assistance in doing good, mutual respect and appreciate, and value of compassion and tolerance for others. She concluded that Humans interact with each other by way of delivering the symbol, the other gives the meaning of the symbol.

2. The last previous research was done by Poundra Swasty Ratu Maharani Serikit from Sebelas Maret University, by the title “Pola komunikasi masyarakat Osing ( Study tentang pola komunikasi masyarakat suku Osing desa Kemiren Kecamatan Glagah Kabupaten Banyuwangi Jawa Timur [11]. She had been found that communication patterns in Osing community in tha Kemiren village is strongly influenced by the values and norms embodied in the traditional social institutions. Then the values and norms held by society Osing, among others, also appear in the language used. Variations in the language used is based Osing community there is an atmosphere or setting, in which the language of Osing people said it shows the relationship of intimacy that is egalitarian.

In this research is different from the previous researches above which tell about the how the practice of communication in society, especially in Rejang community in Talang Ulu village in terms of language, both verbal and nonverbal language, familiarity, frozen, formal and non formal education which is usually performed between the communicator and the communicant the same cultural background,.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

The type of research is descriptive research. Descriptive Research Gives the description about the condition. It means the researcher tries to that gives the description about the ways or practice of communication in society, especially in Rejang community in "Talang Ulu" village in terms of language, both verbal and nonverbal language, familiarity, frozen, formal and non formal education which is usually performed between the communicator and the communicant with background same culture .

This thesis is composed by the completeness of the so-called scientific methods of research, namely how the research according to the branch - the branch of science that became the target or object[12]. The way these work is the knowledge of the steps in a systematic and logical data search efforts with regard to research problems to be processed, analyzed, conclusions drawn and then find a solution[13].

Method in a research study is an attempt to not doubt the quality and weight can be accounted for scientifically valid. Hence, in this section gives a special place on what and how to approach and type of research, research object, the type and source of data, stages of research, data collection techniques, data analysis techniques, and techniques of data validity.

B. Kind of Research (Research Approaches and Types)

This study, using a phenomenological approach. Alfred Schutz as one of the leaders of this theory holds that human action into a social relationship when people give a certain meaning or significance of his actions, and other human actions also understand that as something meaningful[14]. There are four basic elements of this theory are: first, attention to the actor. Second, focusing on an important statement or the principal and to the attitude of a reasonable or natural (natural attitude). Third, focus on micro issues. Fourth, pay attention to growth, change and action process in the dynamics of religious, social and cultural urban society
However, this study also uses ethnographic approach, which tries to do the collection, classification (classification) and analysis of public communication culture of Rejang.

While this type of research include the type of qualitative research based on: emerging data intangible words - words and not a series of numbers. As well as descriptive research method by means of variables describing the variables, one by one.

Descriptive research method aims to:

1. Collect information that describes in detail the actual symptoms.

2. Identify the problem or check the conditions and practices that apply.

3. Making comparisons or evaluations.

4. Determine what is done in face similar problems and learn from their experience to establish a plan and a decision on the future[15].

Thus, the descriptive method is used to describe a systematic and profound fact or characteristic of a particular population or a particular field, in this case the cultural studies of communication, actually and accurate.

Descriptive method is essentially seeking theory, not test the theory. This method focuses on observation and natural atmosphere. Researchers acted as observers. It just makes the category of actors, observing the symptoms and record observations in a book. With the natural atmosphere means researchers plunge into the field. He did not try to manipulate the variables that may affect the presence of symptoms, researchers have tried to minimize these effects[16].

While the research methods used in this research is descriptive method of conducting an analysis of the Cultural Society Rejang communication studies in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district in terms of language use and symbols - symbols used in the study Rejang community in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district in the communication process.

Qualitative research usually emphasizes observatif participatory, in-depth interviews and documentation[17]. Thus in this study, the researchers emphasize the observation and in-depth interviews to explore the validity of the data for this study, but still use the documentation.
Looking at the above research conception, then it is appropriate to the context of issues raised in this study. Because in this study, researchers wanted to know Rejang Cultural Society of communication studies in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district in terms of language use and how people communicate Rejang themselves through the verbal and non verbal Language.

After getting the data or information in question, then the next step taken by the researchers describe the information or data systematically for later in the analysis by using comparison and combination with existing theories.

C. The Subject of the Research

Areas of research which is used as an object or goal in this study. As explained in the study conceptualization Culture Communication and symbols - symbols used in the process of communication studies in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district. The reason this village was chosen because of the community still strongly maintains its cultural identity through spirituality. The strong cultural identity is strengthened by folklore there is still a form of daily life reality - today. By having a more open accessibility and low socio-economic conditions and have a high mobility rate.

D. (Research Instrument)

The type of data in this study were divided in the form of words and actions as well as the source data is written[18]. While the source of the data in this study, tailored to what has been set by Lofland and Lofland (1984: 47), that the primary data source in qualitative research is that the words and actions, the rest is additional data such as documents and others[19]. The following will describe research on the types of data in the form of words and actions as well as sources of data are written.

1. Words and Actions

The words and actions that were observed or interviewed is the main source. The main data sources are recorded through the remarks in writing or by recording a video / audio tapes, photographs or film-making[20].

In an effort to collect the data source in the form of words and actions by using the tools (instruments) such as the research mentioned above is the concept of the ideal, but in this context, when the researchers conducted the interviews in an effort to explore the data or information related to this research, researchers only use the tools in the form of reference as an instrument in the field and notebooks and pens to record the information conveyed by the informant figures - figures indigenous communities and the chairman of which they often call "Tuwei Adat" in a fairly influential Rejang community.

2. Written sources

Written sources can be considered as a second source comes from outside sources of words and actions. Judging from the data source, additional material derived from written sources can be divided over the source of books and scientific magazines, sources from archives, personal papers and official documents[21].

In this context, efforts to dig up information data relating to the problems of the study, researchers looked for the source of the data written to strengthen the research results. In this case the researchers get the data source is written in the form of books relating to the study of culture and communication Rejang Community Bridges with Africa Malay Book of Bengkulu and various other supporting books.

E. Procedure (Phase-Phase Research)

Stages of the study the researchers used in this study are twofold, namely:

Phase Pre-Field

i. Prepare draft study [22]

In this context, researchers first create the problem formulation will be the object of research, to then make a sketch of the proposed title of the study before carrying out research to create a research proposal.

ii. Selecting a Research Field

The best way to be taken in determining the field of research is to consider the theory of substantive way, go and explore the field to see whether there is conformity with the reality on the field[23].

iii. care of the Licensing

After making a research proposal in the form of proposals, researchers permission to take care of their own research supervisor, department head, dean of the faculty, head of an agency such as the center and others[24].

3. Orientation phase

At this stage, researchers will conduct data collection in general, make observations and in-depth interviews to obtain extensive information on matters common to the objects of research. Information from a number of respondents in the analysis to obtain the things that stand out, interesting, important and useful for further study in depth. Information like that is subsequently used as a focus of research[25].

4. Exploration phase

At this stage, the research focus more clearly so that the collected data can be more targeted and specific. Observations aimed at things that are considered to have anything to do with focus. More structured and in-depth interviews (dept interview) so deep and meaningful information can be obtained[26].

F. Technique of Data Collection

The data collection is a procurement process the primary data for research purposes. Data collection is a very important step in the scientific method, because in general the data collected is used to test the hypotheses that have been formulated[27].

In this study, data collection will be done directly by the researcher in real situations. Data collection techniques used in this study is the data documentation, in-depth interviews related to the necessary data and observations.

1. Documentation (Documentation)

The use of data documentation in this study was to obtain information relating to the data about various matters relating to the culture of public communication, especially in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district in terms of language use and Background As the use of such language map of the region , documentary photographs Rejang community activities, especially in the Talang Ulu village. Documentation techniques are also used to obtain information and secondary data relating to the focus of research.

2. Interview (Interview)

While the use of in-depth interviews (dept interview) in this study was to obtain primary data from research subjects in a way that is not structured in-depth interviews, with consideration in order to develop in accordance with the interests of research.

3. Observation (Observation)

This method uses direct observation or sensing of an object, condition, situation, process or behavior. Collecting data by using sensory organs and is followed by the systematic recording of the symptoms or phenomena under study[28].

Observations made when not much information is held on the matter being investigated. From the observations, we can obtain a clearer picture about the problem and possible clues on how to solve[29].

Use of the method of observation in this study, according to point out that in the Blak and Champion (1999: 286-287), among others: first, to observe the socio-religious phenomena as the actual events that allow researchers looked at the phenomenon as a process and, second, to present back a picture of the socio-religious phenomenon in the research report and presentation; and third, to conduct the exploration of the social setting in which the phenomenon occurs. While H.B. Sutopo (1997:10-11), suggests that the observation techniques used to extract data from data sources in the form of events, places, locations and objects as well as recording the image. Observations can be made, either directly or indirectly. Direct observation can take on the role or no role. Spradley (1980), explained that the role of researchers in the methods of observation can be divided into: (1). No role at all, (2). Active role, (3). Passive role, and (4). Play a full part, within the meaning researchers really be a citizen or a member of the group being observed[30].

G. Technique of Data Analysis

Definition of data analysis, many experts put forward by the research methodology. Here is the definition of the data analysis methodology proposed by the experts that study, which consisted of:

1. According to Bogdan and Taylor (1971), data analysis is the process of detailing a formal effort to find a theme and formulate hypotheses (ideas) as suggested by the data and an attempt to provide assistance to the theme and hypothesis.

2. According to Lexy J. Moleong (2002), data analysis is the process of organizing of the sort the data into patterns, categories and descriptions unit basis, in order to discover themes and working hypotheses can be formulated as suggested by the data.

From the definition above, it can be concluded that, data analysis is a series of review activities, grouping, systematization, interpretation, and verification of data so that a phenomenon has a social value, academic and scientific[31].

Data analysis is ongoing research and developed throughout the program. Data analysis was carried out starting setting of the problem, data collection and after data is collected. By setting the research problem, researchers have conducted an analysis of these issues in a variety of theoretical perspectives and methods used ie flow method. The analysis in this study consists of three flow events that occur simultaneously (Matthew B. Miles and A Michael Huberman, 1992: 16-17). Stage of data analysis in qualitative research in general at the start since the collection of data 1) data reduction, which translates as the electoral process, focusing attention on simplification, abstract and transformation of raw data that appears from the record - a written record in the field; 2) the presentation of data (display data) is done by using a form of narrative text and 3) drawing conclusions and verification[32].

Techniques of data analysis in this study, conducted after the data obtained through in-depth interviews and observation techniques. Then these data, the analysis is interconnected to obtain provisional estimates, as a basis for subsequent data gathering, and then confirmed by informants continuously by triangulation.

J. Techniqueof Reliability and Validity of Data

Validity of the technique used in this study, as formulated, there are three kinds, namely, among others:

1. Extension of Participation

The participation of researchers is crucial in data collection. Participation is not only done in a short time, but requires an extension of the participation of researchers on the research background[33]. In this context, in an effort to explore the data or information relating to issues of research, researchers always participate with key informants in an effort to dig up information relating with a research focus. For example, researchers are always with key informants in view the location of the study.

2. Perseverance Observations

Perseverance observations were made with the intention of finding the characteristics and elements in the relevant circumstances or issues that are being searched and then concentrate on these things in detail[34].

In this context, before taking the discussion of the study, researchers have been making observations in advance diligently in an effort to explore the data or information to be made in the research object in order to meet the requirements for a degree S-1, which eventually researchers discovered an interesting problem to be dissected, namely the problem of communication Cultural Society of Rejang, especially in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district in terms of the use of language and symbols they use in communicating.

Triangulation

Triangulation is a technique that utilizes data validity checking something else out of the data for checking purposes or as a comparison against the data. Denzin (1978), distinguishes four kinds of triangulation as an inspection technique that utilizes the use of sources, methods, investigators and theories[35].

The validity and objectivity are fundamental problems in scientific activities. In order for the data obtained researcher has high validity and objectivity, it takes some of the necessary requirements. The following will be the researchers point out the methods used to improve the validity and objectivity of a study, especially in qualitative research. Robert K. Yin (1996), requires the validity of the research design. To that end, Paton (1984), suggesting a triangulation technique is applied as the validity of the research design. The triangulation technique that researchers use in this study is triangulation, or triangulation of data sources. As noted Yin, triangulation of data intended for the collection of data, researchers used multiple data sources[36].

In this context, the efforts made by researchers in the checking of data by using data sources in the checking of data by using data sources in the excavation, both the primary data source in the form of interviews and secondary data sources in the form of books, magazines and other documents. While the method or methods used in data analysis is a method of qualitative analysis. This means that the qualitative analysis was performed using the data (qualitative) of the observations and in-depth interviews, with the aim of providing explanations and broader understanding of the data collected. And then researchers do the compare or correlate the results with existing theories. This was done to find a comparison or connection between the research results with existing theories.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Bahtiar, Wardi, Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu Dakwah, Jakarta : Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1987

Berger, Arthur Asa, Tanda-tanda dalam Kebudayaan Kontemporer, terjemahan oleh M. Dwi Mariyanto, Sunarto, Jogyakarta, Tiara Wacana Yogja: 2000

Hasan Bisri, Cik dan Rufaida, Eva, Model Penelitian Agama dan Dinamika Sosial Jakarta: Raja Gravindo Persada, 2002

Iqbal Hasan, M., Pokok-pokok Materi Metodologi Penelitian dan Aplikasinya, Cet. 1, Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 2002

Koencoroningrat, Metode-Metode Penelitian Masyarakat, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1981

Lexy, J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, Cet. 13 Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2002

Lull, James, Media, Komunikasi dan Kebudayaan Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia :1998

Mulyana, Deddy, Komunikasi Antar Pribadi Bandung, PT Remaja Rosda Karya:1990

Narbuko Cholid, & Achmadi, Abu, Metodologi Penelitian ,Jakarta, Bumi aksara, 1997

Nasution, S., Metode Research, Edisi 1 Bandung: Jemmars, 1982

Nazir, Moh., Metode Penelitian, Cet. IV Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1999

Ritzer, George, Sosiologi Ilmu Pengetahuan Berparadigma Ganda Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1992

Sobur, Alex, Semiotika Komunikasi, Bandung, Remaja Rosdakarya : 2004

Suprayogo, Imam dan Tobroni, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial-Agama Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2001

Uchajana, Onong, Dinamika Komunikasi, Bandung, PT Remaja Rosda Karya: 1993

[1] Onong Uchajana, Dinamika Komunikasi (Bandung, PT Remaja Rosda Karya: 1993) p. 3

[2] Deddy mulyana dkk, Komunikasi Antar Pribadi (Bandung, PT Remaja Rosda Karya:1990) p. 15

[3] James Lull, Media, Komunikasi dan Kebudayaan (Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia :1998) p. 77

[4] T.O Ihromi, pokok pokok antropologi budaya, (Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia dan Fakultas Ilmu-ilmu Sosial UI, Gamedia,1990 p. 111)

[5] Ibid

[6] Cholid Narbuko & Abu Achmadi, Metodologi Penelitian ,Jakarta, Bumi aksara ,1997, p.140

[7] Alex Sobur, Semiotika Komunikasi (Bandung, Remaja Rosdakarya : 2004) p. 194

[8] Arthur Asa Berger, Tanda-tanda dalam Kebudayaan Kontemporer, terjemahan oleh M. Dwi Mariyanto, Sunarto, (Jogyakarta, Tiara Wacana Yogja: 2000) p. 14

[9] Alex Sobur, Semiotika Komunikasi (Bandung, Remaja Rosdakarya : 2004) p. 199

[10] Arsanti Hamidra H.P, Kalosara Sebagai Representasi Pedoman Hidup Masyarakat Suku Tolaki Di Sulawesi Tenggara (Studi Komunikasi Nonverbal, (http://repository.unhas.ac.id/handle/123456789/428)

[11] Poundra Swasty Ratu Maharani Serikit,

[12] Koencoroningrat, Metode-Metode Penelitian Masyarakat, (Jakarta : Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1981), p. 16.

[13] Wardi Bahtiar, Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu Dakwah, (Jakarta : Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1987), p. 1

[14] George Ritzer, Sosiologi Ilmu Pengetahuan Berparadigma Ganda (Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1992), h.

[15] M. Iqbal Hasan, Pokok-pokok Materi Metodologi Penelitian dan Aplikasinya, Cet. 1 (Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 2002), p. 22.

[16] M. Iqbal Hasan, Pokok-Pokok Materi Metodologi Penelitian dan Aplikasinya, p. 22.

[17] Imam Suprayogo dan Tobroni, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial-Agama (Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2001), p 134.

[18] Lexy J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, Cet. 13 (Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2002), p 122.

[19] Ibid p. 122

[20] Ibid.

[21] Lexy J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, p. 113

[22] Lexy J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, p. 86

[23] Ibid

[24] Lexy J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, p. 86

[25] Cik Hasan Bisri dan Eva Rufaida, Model Penelitian Agama dan Dinamika Sosial (Jakarta: Raja Gravindo Persada, 2002), p. 224.

[26] Ibid p. 224

[27] Moh. Nazir, Metode Penelitian, Cet. IV (Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1999), p. 211

[28] Cholid Narbuko dan Abu Achmadi, Metodologi Penelitian, Cet. 1 (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 1997), p. 70

[29] S. Nasution, Metode Research, Edisi 1 (Bandung: Jemmars, 1982), p. 131

[30] Imam Suprayogo dan Tobroni, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial-Agama, p. 167.

[31] Imam Suprayogo dan Tobroni, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial-Agama, p. 192.

[32] Imam Suprayogo dan Tobroni, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial-Agama, h. 192

[33] Lexy J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, p. 175

[34] Lexy J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, p. 177.

[35] Lexy J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, h. 178

[36] Imam Suprayogo dan Tobroni, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial-Agama, p. 185

Anita Arcqyletta

Jumat, 02 Desember 2011

It Will Rain - Bruno

Kamis, 01 Desember 2011

Sebut saja Arcqyletta

Selasa, 29 November 2011

dan siapa yang paling mengerti saya ?

Selasa, 08 November 2011

cenderung ilmu komunikasi :(

adele

My Song