CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The Study
Human
beings are social creatures at once individual, man constantly in touch with
other human beings, want to know the surroundings, even want to know what's
going on inside him, because everyone who lives in the community since he wakes
up until he slept again, by nature always involved in communication, the
communication is as a consequence of social
relations people, at least two people relate to each other that give rise
to a social interaction, the
occurrence of social interaction caused inter-process communication[1].
Communication
is very important role for social life, culture, politics and education,
because communication is a transactional dynamic processes that influence
behavior, which is intentionally encode the source and its acceptance (to code)
their behavior to produce a message that they are distributed through a channel
to stimulate or acquiring certain attitudes or behaviors as a consequence of
social relationships[2].
It seems inevitable that this communication process is vital
and essential for social communication, said to be vital because every
individual has the ability to communicate with other individuals, thus
establish its credibility as a member of the community and say basic because
man whether primitive or modern desire to maintain an agreement on various
matters of social rules of communication.
Therefore it should be emphasized is how communication can
run effectively and efficiently so that the message is received, interpreted as
between communicator and communicant. This means that effective communication
occurs not just when someone has a particular significance attaches to the
behavior of others but also the perception that in accordance with its message
or information.
One way to ensure this is to avoid messages that are unclear
or not specific as well as by increasing the frequency of feedback (feed back)
to reduce the level of uncertainty and question marks, by understanding how the
culture of communication from the other person we would be, so that one
interpretation of the delivery of messages can be avoided despite the
background of life have nearly the same with us.
Many years ago Raymond Williams (1962) is succinctly and
expressly defines culture as "a certain way of life" formed by the
values, traditions, beliefs, material objects and territories (territory)[3],
Culture is a complex and dynamic ecological of people, objects, views about the
world, activities and background (setting) which fundamentally changed last a
long time but also in communication and social interaction routines, culture is
the context.
Culture is the way we talk and dress, the food we eat and
the way we prepare and consume them, the gods that we create and the way we
worship, how we share time and space, the way we dance, the values that we are socialized to children
our children and all other details that make up daily life.
An
anthropologists believe that the citizens of a society that is being
studied have common
personality traits that is what is known in cultural
anthropology as a kind of basic personality, basic personality structure, or
a personality on average, capital personality[4].
Perspectives on culture implies that
no culture is inherently superior to other cultures and that cultural richness
absolutely nothing to do with economic status, culture as everyday life is an
idea that remains democratic[5].
This
has motivated researchers
to examine how to or practice of communication in society, especially in Rejang community in "Talang Ulu"
village in terms of language, both
verbal and nonverbal language, familiarity, frozen,
formal and non
formal education which is usually
performed between the communicator and the communicant
with background same culture, but unlike
Rejang society in
general, the sound harsh and pitched sloppy,
Rejang community in
the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district seem polite, friendly,
gentle and even most of them were
able to mingle well
with the tribal immigrants,
it is this which attracted the attention of researchers to examine
this.
B.
Research
Questions
Based on the background which has been
described above, the question is formulated as the following :
1. How the culture of public
communication, especially in Rejang community in
the "Talang Ulu" village
in sub "Curup Timur" in
"Rejang Lebong" district in terms of language use?
2. What communication symbols that
are used particularly in the Rejang community in
the "Talang Ulu" village
in sub "Curup Timur" in
"Rejang Lebong" district in the communication process?
C.
Research
Objectives
Based on
the formulation of the problem above, then the intent and purpose of this study
are as follows:
1. To find out Culture Communication
Rejang especially in Rejang Community
in the "Talang Ulu" village
in sub "Curup Timur" in
"Rejang Lebong" district in terms of language use.
2. To understand the symbols of
communication used Rejang especially in
the "Talang Ulu" village
in sub "Curup Timur" in
"Rejang Lebong" district in the process of communication
that they use everyday.
D. Limitation
of the Research
The writer limits the study as the follow :
1. The topic is limited to the Culture
Communication Rejang especially in the "Talang
Ulu" village in sub "Curup
Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district.
2. The study is a n etnografi research
E. Operational Definition
The concept is an essential element rather than research[6].
If the problem and its theoretical framework is clear, it is usually already
well known facts about symptoms - symptoms that the subject of study and a
concept is actually a brief definition of a group of facts or phenomena.
In connection with the above, then the discussion of
research it is necessary to limit the number of concepts proposed in this
thesis research in the title of Cultural Communication Rejang society (Study on
Rejang community in the "Talang
Ulu" village in sub "Curup
Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district) is having a concept - the concept of other:
1.) Cultural
Communication
Culture and communication are two concepts that can not be
separated. Cultural and communication center of attention lies in the variety
of steps and the way people communicate across the human community or social
group. Crossing this communication using code - code messages, both verbal and
nonverbal, that naturally is always used in the context of interaction. In this
case also covers how to explore the meaning, patterns of action and how the
meaning and pattern - the pattern in the articulation of a social group,
cultural groups, political groups, the education process even technological
environment that involves interaction between people.
2.) Community
Rejang
In this study Rejang society is a society that lived and
live in the "Talang
Ulu" village in sub "Curup
Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district, where in everyday life Rejang use language to communicate
and have descendants of the original Rejang originating from various
regions in Rejang Lebong although they were
not born in the village of Talang
Ulu.
In this case the Rejang in communication greatly influenced
by their traditions are very distinctive, ranging from language accent, the way
they are spoken words, convey the message that exist in their minds to the
disclosure or the expression of their feelings. In general, people Rejang in
the disclosure of feelings and thought patterns they would tend not to wear
something strings attached, directly on the main talks, this is because people
appreciate Rejang more time than packaging the message to be delivered. But
unlike Rejang community in the village of Talang Ulu. Who values the other person so they try
everything to refine their message package so as not to offend his
interlocutor. Although they do not need stringing words are beautiful, but
delicious in the hearing, they prefer the core message, that message can be
easily understood by his interlocutor. Sometimes
Rejang community looks
very emotional with a rather loud tone,
even though the message has meaning or significance
of an ordinary (not angry), and it is a habit Rejang
society at large, but not with the Rejang community in the Talang Ulu village. In interacting with
each other and with people outside their community
of Rejang receipts remain smooth despite
the language habits of speaking with a high
tone was still attached that has become characteristic of the Rejang
so that people who talk must understand
the meaning of the message in order to avoid misunderstandings.
F.
Significance of the research
The usefulness of this research is expected usefulness as
follows:
a.
Theoretically
1. The results of this study is
expected to contribute to the development of linguistics, in particular
cultural communication (language research).
2. Expected to enrich the cultural
studies, especially in the field of communications in the Community Rejang.
b. In Practical
1. The results of this study is
expected to be made in one of the information in developing a culture of
science communication, especially in relation to the English Education Study
Program.
2. To assist the public in order to
avoid misunderstandings perception of a message delivered communicant of
different cultures or even the same with us.
3. To meet the requirements obtained
his degree (S1) at the faculty of Tarbiyah STAIN Curup.
G. The Organization of the
Research
In discusses a systematic study is needed discussion that
aims to facilitate research, step - step discussion as follows:
CHAPTER
I: That the introduction, this chapter consists of six sub-chapters among other
background issues, formulation of the problem, purpose and objectives of the
study, the benefits of research, definition of the concept, and the systematic
discussion.
CHAPTER
II: It is the study of the discussion, in this chapter consists of two
sub-chapters, the first section of the discussion of the theory and the second
section the results of relevant research.
SECTION
III: That is the method of research in this chapter consists of six
sub-chapters of the approach and the type of research, types and sources of
data, the stage - the stage of research, data collection techniques, data
analysis techniques and techniques of data validity.
SECTION
IV: That the presentation of data, which consists of two sub-chapters the first
general description of the research object and the second sub-chapter
description of the research results.
CHAPTER
V: It is the analysis of data from two sub-chapters, the first sub-chapter
dealing with the findings and the second section contains the findings confirm
the theory.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED Literature
REVIEW OF THE RELATED Literature
A. Review of the Related Theories
In
this study uses the theoretical framework Herbert Blumer's Symbolic
Interaction, this framework has an enormous influence in this study, because it
has the tendencies of thought a solid foundation for this study to analyze the
details, we discuss the framework are, as follows:
1.)
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Symbolic interaction term coined by Herbert Blumer in 1937
and popularized by Blumer also[7],
despite the fact that Mead had been the most popular as the foundation stone of
the theory.
The essence of the theory of symbolic interaction is an
activity that is characteristic of humans, namely communication or exchange of
symbols given meaning Blumer conceptualizing man as the creator or re-forming
environment, as the designer of the world object in a stream of actions, rather
than simply responding to expectations of the group.
Perspective of symbolic interactions attempts to understand
human behavior from the viewpoint of the subject, this perspective suggests
that human behavior should be seen as a process that allows humans to form and
regulate their behavior by considering the presence of others who become their
interaction partners.
The definition they give to other
people, situations, objects and even to themselves that determines their
behavior. Their behavior can not be classed as a necessity, a boost impulse,
claims or demands of the role of culture, human beings act only based on their
interpretation of the definition or the objects around them.
In
view of symbolic interaction,
as confirmed Blumer social processes in the
life in groups that create
and uphold group
life, in this context, the meanings
constructed in the process of interaction and the
process is not a neutral medium that allows the
social forces play a role,
but rather a substance
fact of social
organization and social
forces..
For
adherents of symbolic interaction allows them
to avoid the problems of idealism and driving
structuralisms and middle of the problem.
According
to the theory of symbolic
interaction, social life is essentially a human interaction
that uses symbols, they are interested in
how humans use symbols that represent what
they mean to communicate
with each other. And also the effects of the
interpretation of these symbols on the behavior of the parties that appear in
social interaction[8].
Adherents of symbolic interaction view, human behavior is
essentially the product of their interpretation of the world around them so it
does not recognize that behavior is learned or specified as espoused theory or
the theory of structural Behaviorist.
In summary theory of symbolic interactions is based on the
following premises[9],
The first individual to respond to a situation symbolic, they respond to the
environment, including physical objects (objects) and Object of social (human
behavior) based on the media which contained the components of that environment
for them.
Second, the meaning is the product of social interaction,
because it means not looking at the object, but negotiated through the use of
language, negotiation was possible because humans are capable of coloring
everything is not just physical objects, actions or events (even without the
presence of physical objects, actions or events ) but also an abstract notion.
Third, individuals interpret the meaning of which may change
from time to time, in line with changes to the situation found in social
interaction, change of interpretation is possible because individuals can
perform mental processes, which communicate with itself.
B. Review of the Research Findings
The researcher will describe some
works which are relevant to this thesis to make the thesis arrangement easier :
1. The thesis entitled “Kalosara
Sebagai Representasi Pedoman Hidup Masyarakat Suku Tolaki Di Sulawesi Tenggara
(Studi Komunikasi Nonverbal)” by Arsanti Hamidra H.P. E 311 06 088. From Social Sciences and Political Science Faculty of
Hasanuddin University in the academic year of 2011[10]. Based on the research, she had been found that Kalosara Representation Guidelines For Life Community
Interest Tolaki In
Southeast Sulawesi appear in different sides
of their social life. As in the order of courtesy
to fellow humans, each other mutual assistance in doing good, mutual respect and appreciate,
and value of compassion
and tolerance for others. She
concluded that Humans interact with
each other by way of delivering the symbol, the
other gives the meaning of the symbol.
2.
The
last previous research was done by Poundra Swasty
Ratu Maharani Serikit from Sebelas Maret University, by the title “Pola
komunikasi masyarakat Osing ( Study tentang pola komunikasi masyarakat suku
Osing desa Kemiren Kecamatan Glagah Kabupaten Banyuwangi Jawa Timur [11]. She had been found that communication
patterns in Osing community in
tha Kemiren village is strongly influenced by the values and
norms embodied in the traditional social institutions.
Then the values and
norms held by society
Osing, among others, also appear in the language
used. Variations in the language
used is based Osing community there is an atmosphere or setting, in which
the language of Osing people said it shows the relationship of intimacy that is egalitarian.
In this research is different from the previous researches
above which tell about the how
the practice of communication in society, especially in Rejang community in Talang Ulu village in
terms of language, both verbal
and nonverbal language, familiarity, frozen, formal
and non formal education which is usually performed between the communicator and the communicant the
same cultural background,.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
The type of research is descriptive research. Descriptive
Research Gives the description about the condition. It means the researcher
tries to that gives the description about the ways or
practice of communication
in society, especially in Rejang community in "Talang Ulu"
village in terms of language, both
verbal and nonverbal language, familiarity, frozen,
formal and non
formal education which is usually
performed between the communicator and the communicant
with background same culture .
This thesis is composed by the completeness of the so-called
scientific methods of research, namely how the research according to the branch
- the branch of science that became the target or object[12].
The way these work is the knowledge of the steps in a systematic and logical
data search efforts with regard to research problems to be processed, analyzed,
conclusions drawn and then find a solution[13].
Method in a research study is an attempt to not doubt the
quality and weight can be accounted for scientifically valid. Hence, in this
section gives a special place on what and how to approach and type of research,
research object, the type and source of data, stages of research, data
collection techniques, data analysis techniques, and techniques of data
validity.
B. Kind of Research (Research
Approaches and Types)
This study, using a phenomenological approach. Alfred Schutz
as one of the leaders of this theory holds that human action into a social
relationship when people give a certain meaning or significance of his actions,
and other human actions also understand that as something meaningful[14].
There are four basic elements of this theory are: first, attention to the
actor. Second, focusing on an important statement or the principal and to the
attitude of a reasonable or natural (natural attitude). Third, focus on micro
issues. Fourth, pay attention to growth, change and action process in the
dynamics of religious, social and cultural urban society
However, this study also uses ethnographic approach, which tries to do the collection, classification (classification) and analysis of public communication culture of Rejang.
However, this study also uses ethnographic approach, which tries to do the collection, classification (classification) and analysis of public communication culture of Rejang.
While this type of research include the type of qualitative
research based on: emerging data intangible words - words and not a series of
numbers. As well as descriptive research method by means of variables
describing the variables, one by one.
Descriptive research method aims to:
1.
Collect information that describes in detail the actual symptoms.
2.
Identify the problem or check the conditions and practices that apply.
3.
Making comparisons or evaluations.
4.
Determine what is done in face similar problems and learn from their experience
to establish a plan and a decision on the future[15].
Thus, the descriptive method is used to describe a
systematic and profound fact or characteristic of a particular population or a
particular field, in this case the cultural studies of communication, actually
and accurate.
Descriptive method is essentially seeking theory, not test
the theory. This method focuses on observation and natural atmosphere.
Researchers acted as observers. It just makes the category of actors, observing
the symptoms and record observations in a book. With the natural atmosphere
means researchers plunge into the field. He did not try to manipulate the
variables that may affect the presence of symptoms, researchers have tried to
minimize these effects[16].
While the research methods used in this research is
descriptive method of conducting an analysis of the Cultural Society Rejang
communication studies in the "Talang
Ulu" village in sub "Curup
Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district in terms of language use and symbols - symbols used in the
study Rejang community in the "Talang
Ulu" village in sub "Curup
Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district in the communication process.
Qualitative research usually emphasizes observatif
participatory, in-depth interviews and documentation[17].
Thus in this study, the researchers emphasize the observation and in-depth
interviews to explore the validity of the data for this study, but still use
the documentation.
Looking at the above research conception, then it is appropriate to the context of issues raised in this study. Because in this study, researchers wanted to know Rejang Cultural Society of communication studies in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district in terms of language use and how people communicate Rejang themselves through the verbal and non verbal Language.
Looking at the above research conception, then it is appropriate to the context of issues raised in this study. Because in this study, researchers wanted to know Rejang Cultural Society of communication studies in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district in terms of language use and how people communicate Rejang themselves through the verbal and non verbal Language.
After getting the data or information in question, then the
next step taken by the researchers describe the information or data
systematically for later in the analysis by using comparison and combination
with existing theories.
C. The Subject of the Research
Areas
of research which is used as an object or goal in
this study. As explained in the
study conceptualization Culture Communication and symbols - symbols used
in the process of communication studies in the "Talang Ulu"
village in sub "Curup Timur"
in "Rejang Lebong"
district. The reason this village
was chosen because
of the community still strongly
maintains its cultural identity through spirituality.
The strong cultural identity is strengthened by folklore there is still a form of daily life reality - today. By
having a more open accessibility
and low socio-economic conditions and have
a high mobility rate.
D. (Research Instrument)
The type of data in this study were divided in the form of
words and actions as well as the source data is written[18].
While the
source of the data in this study, tailored to what has been set by Lofland and Lofland
(1984: 47), that
the primary data source in qualitative research is that the words and actions,
the rest is additional data such as
documents
and others[19].
The following will describe research on the types of data in the form of words
and actions as well as sources of data are written.
1.
Words and Actions
The words and actions that were observed or interviewed is
the main source. The main data sources are recorded through the remarks in
writing or by recording a video / audio tapes, photographs or film-making[20].
In
an effort to collect the data source in the form of words and actions
by using the tools (instruments) such as the research mentioned
above is the concept of the ideal,
but in this context, when the researchers conducted the interviews in an effort to explore the data or
information related to this research,
researchers only use the tools in the form of reference as an instrument in the field and notebooks and pens to record the
information conveyed by the
informant figures - figures indigenous
communities and the chairman of which they often call "Tuwei Adat" in a fairly influential
Rejang community.
2.
Written sources
Written
sources can be considered as a second source comes from outside sources of
words and actions. Judging from the data source, additional material derived
from written sources can be divided over the source of books and scientific
magazines, sources from archives, personal papers and official documents[21].
In this context, efforts to dig up information data relating
to the problems of the study, researchers looked for the source of the data
written to strengthen the research results. In this case the researchers get
the data source is written in the form of books relating to the study of
culture and communication Rejang Community Bridges with Africa Malay Book of
Bengkulu and various other supporting books.
E. Procedure (Phase-Phase Research)
Stages of the study the researchers used in this study are
twofold, namely:
Phase
Pre-Field
In
this context, researchers first create the problem formulation will be the object of research, to then
make a sketch of the proposed
title of the study before carrying out research to create a research proposal.
ii.
Selecting a
Research Field
The
best way to be taken in determining the field of research is to
consider the theory of substantive way, go and
explore the field to see whether there is conformity
with the reality on the field[23].
iii.
care of the
Licensing
After
making a research proposal in the form of proposals, researchers permission to
take care of their own research supervisor, department
head, dean of the faculty,
head of an agency such as the center
and others[24].
3. Orientation
phase
At
this stage, researchers will conduct data collection in general, make observations and in-depth interviews
to obtain extensive
information on matters common to the objects of research. Information from a number of respondents in the
analysis to obtain the things that stand out, interesting, important and useful for further study
in depth. Information like that is subsequently used
as a focus of research[25].
4. Exploration
phase
At
this stage, the research focus more
clearly so that the collected
data can be more
targeted and specific. Observations
aimed at things
that are considered to have
anything to do with focus. More
structured and in-depth
interviews (dept interview)
so deep and
meaningful information can be obtained[26].
F.
Technique of Data Collection
The data collection is
a procurement process the primary data for research purposes. Data collection
is a very important step in the scientific method, because in general the data
collected is used to test the hypotheses that have been formulated[27].
In this study, data
collection will be done directly by the researcher in real situations. Data
collection techniques used in this study is the data documentation, in-depth
interviews related to the necessary data and observations.
1. Documentation
(Documentation)
The use of data
documentation in this study was to obtain information relating to the data
about various matters relating to the culture of public communication,
especially in the "Talang Ulu"
village in sub "Curup Timur"
in "Rejang Lebong"
district in terms of language use and Background As the use of such language
map of the region , documentary photographs Rejang community activities,
especially in the Talang Ulu village. Documentation techniques are also used to
obtain information and secondary data relating to the focus of research.
2. Interview
(Interview)
While the use of
in-depth interviews (dept interview) in this study was to obtain primary data from
research subjects in a way that is not structured in-depth interviews, with
consideration in order to develop in accordance with the interests of research.
3. Observation
(Observation)
This
method uses direct
observation or sensing of an object, condition, situation, process or behavior. Collecting
data by using sensory organs and is followed by
the systematic recording of the symptoms or
phenomena under study[28].
Observations made when
not much information is held on the matter being investigated. From the
observations, we can obtain a clearer picture about the problem and possible
clues on how to solve[29].
Use of the method of
observation in this study, according to point out that in the Blak and Champion
(1999: 286-287), among others: first, to observe the socio-religious phenomena
as the actual events that allow researchers looked at the phenomenon as a
process and, second, to present back a picture of the socio-religious
phenomenon in the research report and presentation; and third, to conduct the
exploration of the social setting in which the phenomenon occurs. While H.B.
Sutopo (1997:10-11), suggests that the observation techniques used to extract
data from data sources in the form of events, places, locations and objects as
well as recording the image. Observations can be made, either directly or
indirectly. Direct observation can take on the role or no role. Spradley
(1980), explained that the role of researchers in the methods of observation
can be divided into: (1). No role at all, (2). Active role, (3). Passive role,
and (4). Play a full part, within the meaning researchers really be a citizen
or a member of the group being observed[30].
G.
Technique
of Data Analysis
Definition of data
analysis, many experts put forward by the research methodology. Here is the
definition of the data analysis methodology proposed by the experts that study,
which consisted of:
1.
According to Bogdan and Taylor (1971), data analysis is the process of
detailing a formal effort to find a theme and formulate hypotheses (ideas) as
suggested by the data and an attempt to provide assistance to the theme and
hypothesis.
2.
According to Lexy J. Moleong (2002), data analysis is the process of organizing
of the sort the data into patterns, categories and descriptions unit basis, in
order to discover themes and working hypotheses can be formulated as suggested
by the data.
From the definition
above, it can be concluded that, data analysis is a series of review
activities, grouping, systematization, interpretation, and verification of data
so that a phenomenon has a social value, academic and scientific[31].
Data
analysis is ongoing research and developed throughout
the program. Data analysis was carried
out starting setting of the
problem, data collection and after
data is collected. By setting the
research problem, researchers have conducted an analysis of these issues in a
variety of theoretical perspectives and methods used ie
flow method. The
analysis in this study consists
of three flow
events that occur simultaneously (Matthew B. Miles and A Michael
Huberman, 1992: 16-17).
Stage of data analysis in qualitative research in
general at the start since the collection of data 1) data reduction,
which translates as the electoral process, focusing attention on simplification, abstract and transformation of raw data that appears from the record - a written record
in the field; 2) the
presentation of data (display
data) is done by using
a form of narrative text and 3) drawing conclusions and verification[32].
Techniques of data analysis
in this study, conducted after the data obtained through in-depth interviews
and observation techniques. Then these data, the analysis is interconnected to
obtain provisional estimates, as a basis for subsequent data gathering, and
then confirmed by informants continuously by triangulation.
J. Techniqueof
Reliability and Validity of Data
Validity
of the technique used in this study, as formulated, there are three kinds,
namely, among others:
1.
Extension
of Participation
The participation of researchers is crucial in data
collection. Participation is not only done in a short time, but requires an
extension of the participation of researchers on the research background[33].
In this context, in an effort to explore the data or information relating to
issues of research, researchers always participate with key informants in an
effort to dig up information relating with a research focus. For example,
researchers are always with key informants in view the location of the study.
2.
Perseverance
Observations
Perseverance observations were made with the intention of
finding the characteristics and elements in the relevant circumstances or
issues that are being searched and then concentrate on these things in detail[34].
In
this context, before taking the discussion of the study, researchers have been making observations in advance diligently in an effort to explore the data or
information to be made in the
research object in order to meet
the requirements for a degree S-1, which eventually researchers
discovered an interesting problem
to be dissected, namely
the problem of communication Cultural Society of Rejang,
especially in the "Talang Ulu" village in sub "Curup Timur" in "Rejang Lebong" district in terms of the use of language and
symbols they use in communicating.
Triangulation
Triangulation
is a technique that utilizes data validity checking
something else out of the data for checking
purposes or as a
comparison against the data.
Denzin (1978), distinguishes
four kinds of triangulation
as an inspection technique
that utilizes the use of sources, methods, investigators and theories[35].
The validity and objectivity are fundamental problems in
scientific activities. In order for the data obtained researcher has high
validity and objectivity, it takes some of the necessary requirements. The
following will be the researchers point out the methods used to improve the
validity and objectivity of a study, especially in qualitative research. Robert
K. Yin (1996), requires the validity of the research design. To that end, Paton
(1984), suggesting a triangulation technique is applied as the validity of the
research design. The triangulation technique that researchers use in this study
is triangulation, or triangulation of data sources. As noted Yin, triangulation
of data intended for the collection of data, researchers used multiple data
sources[36].
In this context, the efforts made by researchers in the
checking of data by using data sources in the checking of data by using data
sources in the excavation, both the primary data source in the form of
interviews and secondary data sources in the form of books, magazines and other
documents. While the method or methods used in data analysis is a method of
qualitative analysis. This means that the qualitative analysis was performed
using the data (qualitative) of the observations and in-depth interviews, with
the aim of providing explanations and broader understanding of the data
collected. And then researchers do the compare or correlate the results with
existing theories. This was done to find a comparison or connection between the
research results with existing theories.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Bahtiar, Wardi, Metodologi
Penelitian Ilmu Dakwah, Jakarta : Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1987
Berger, Arthur Asa, Tanda-tanda dalam
Kebudayaan Kontemporer, terjemahan oleh M. Dwi Mariyanto, Sunarto,
Jogyakarta, Tiara Wacana Yogja: 2000
Hasan Bisri, Cik dan Rufaida, Eva, Model
Penelitian Agama dan Dinamika Sosial Jakarta: Raja Gravindo Persada, 2002
Iqbal Hasan, M., Pokok-pokok Materi
Metodologi Penelitian dan Aplikasinya, Cet. 1, Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia,
2002
Koencoroningrat, Metode-Metode
Penelitian Masyarakat, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1981
Lexy, J. Moleong, Metodologi
Penelitian Kualitatif, Cet. 13 Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2002
Lull, James, Media, Komunikasi
dan Kebudayaan Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia :1998
Mulyana, Deddy, Komunikasi Antar
Pribadi Bandung, PT Remaja Rosda Karya:1990
Narbuko Cholid, & Achmadi, Abu, Metodologi
Penelitian ,Jakarta, Bumi aksara, 1997
Nasution, S., Metode Research,
Edisi 1 Bandung: Jemmars, 1982
Nazir, Moh., Metode Penelitian,
Cet. IV Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1999
Ritzer, George, Sosiologi Ilmu
Pengetahuan Berparadigma Ganda Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1992
Sobur, Alex, Semiotika Komunikasi,
Bandung, Remaja Rosdakarya : 2004
Suprayogo, Imam dan Tobroni, Metodologi
Penelitian Sosial-Agama Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2001
Uchajana, Onong, Dinamika
Komunikasi, Bandung, PT Remaja Rosda Karya: 1993
[1] Onong
Uchajana, Dinamika Komunikasi (Bandung, PT Remaja Rosda Karya: 1993) p.
3
[2] Deddy
mulyana dkk, Komunikasi Antar Pribadi (Bandung, PT Remaja
Rosda Karya:1990) p. 15
[3] James
Lull, Media, Komunikasi dan Kebudayaan (Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia
:1998) p. 77
[4]
T.O Ihromi, pokok pokok antropologi
budaya, (Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia dan Fakultas Ilmu-ilmu Sosial UI,
Gamedia,1990 p. 111)
[5] Ibid
[6] Cholid
Narbuko & Abu Achmadi, Metodologi Penelitian ,Jakarta, Bumi aksara
,1997, p.140
[7] Alex
Sobur, Semiotika Komunikasi (Bandung, Remaja Rosdakarya : 2004) p. 194
[8]
Arthur Asa Berger, Tanda-tanda dalam Kebudayaan Kontemporer, terjemahan oleh M. Dwi Mariyanto, Sunarto, (Jogyakarta,
Tiara Wacana Yogja: 2000) p. 14
[10] Arsanti Hamidra H.P, Kalosara Sebagai Representasi Pedoman Hidup
Masyarakat Suku Tolaki Di Sulawesi Tenggara (Studi Komunikasi Nonverbal,
(http://repository.unhas.ac.id/handle/123456789/428)
[11] Poundra
Swasty Ratu Maharani Serikit,
[12] Koencoroningrat, Metode-Metode Penelitian Masyarakat, (Jakarta : Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1981), p. 16.
[13] Wardi
Bahtiar, Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu Dakwah, (Jakarta : Logos Wacana Ilmu,
1987), p. 1
[14] George
Ritzer, Sosiologi Ilmu Pengetahuan Berparadigma Ganda (Yogyakarta:
Kanisius, 1992), h.
[15] M. Iqbal Hasan, Pokok-pokok Materi Metodologi Penelitian dan Aplikasinya, Cet. 1 (Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 2002), p. 22.
[16] M.
Iqbal Hasan, Pokok-Pokok Materi Metodologi Penelitian dan Aplikasinya, p.
22.
[17] Imam Suprayogo dan Tobroni, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial-Agama (Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2001), p 134.
[18] Lexy J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, Cet. 13 (Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2002), p 122.
[19] Ibid
p. 122
[20] Ibid.
[21] Lexy
J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, p. 113
[22] Lexy
J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, p. 86
[23] Ibid
[24] Lexy
J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, p. 86
[25] Cik Hasan Bisri dan Eva Rufaida, Model Penelitian Agama dan Dinamika
Sosial (Jakarta: Raja Gravindo Persada,
2002), p. 224.
[26] Ibid
p. 224
[27] Moh.
Nazir, Metode Penelitian, Cet. IV (Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1999), p.
211
[28] Cholid
Narbuko dan Abu Achmadi, Metodologi Penelitian, Cet. 1 (Jakarta:
Bumi Aksara, 1997), p. 70
[29] S.
Nasution, Metode Research, Edisi 1 (Bandung: Jemmars, 1982), p. 131
[30] Imam
Suprayogo dan Tobroni, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial-Agama, p.
167.
[31] Imam
Suprayogo dan Tobroni, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial-Agama, p. 192.
[32] Imam
Suprayogo dan Tobroni, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial-Agama, h. 192
[33] Lexy
J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, p. 175
[34] Lexy
J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, p. 177.
[35] Lexy
J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, h. 178
[36] Imam
Suprayogo dan Tobroni, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial-Agama, p. 185
Niyh adalah pRoposal skRipsi peRtama gW...
BalasHapusyang gaK sempet didaftaRin seminaR... (ceRita lengkap nya di posTingan peRtama.... hohohoo)
Nice..proposal yang bagus..i like this..
BalasHapus